The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located in the lower back, one on each side of the spine. Any pain or discomfort in this area could indicate a kidney problem. Some common causes of kidney pain include:
Kidney stones
Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. Passing a kidney stone can cause severe pain that starts in the back and radiates to the lower abdomen and groin. This pain, known as renal colic, comes in waves as the stone moves through the urinary tract. It is often described as one of the strongest pain sensations felt by humans.
Where does kidney stone pain occur?
- Lower back – Pain usually begins here as the stone travels from the kidney down the ureter.
- Abdomen – As the stone moves closer to the bladder, pain may radiate to the front of the abdomen.
- Groin – Pain and discomfort may extend down into the groin and genitals, especially in men.
- Side – Pain is usually localized to the side where the affected kidney is located.
The pain often comes in waves and may change location as the stone moves. It can be accompanied by other symptoms like nausea, vomiting, blood in the urine, and urgent need to urinate. The pain typically lasts until the stone passes out of the body.
Kidney infection (pyelonephritis)
A kidney infection occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract and multiply in one or both kidneys. This causes inflammation, swelling, and pus buildup inside the kidney. Symptoms include:
Where does kidney infection pain occur?
- Lower back – There is usually pain or tenderness in one side of the lower back over the infected kidney.
- Abdomen – Pain can radiate to the front abdominal area as the infection causes swelling.
- Side – Pain is localized to the side where the infected kidney is located.
- Groin – There may be pain that extends into the groin.
Other symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and burning during urination. Treatment is with antibiotics.
Kidney cysts
Simple kidney cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form in the kidneys. In most cases, they cause no symptoms and are harmless. However, some people may experience:
Where does kidney cyst pain occur?
- Lower back – A large cyst can cause a dull ache or pressure in the back over the kidney.
- Abdomen – Large cysts may cause a stretching sensation or discomfort on the affected side.
- Side – Pain or discomfort is on the same side as the cyst.
Treatment may involve draining painful cysts. In rare cases, a cancerous cyst needs surgical removal.
Kidney cancer
In its early stages, kidney cancer typically does not cause any pain. As the tumor grows, it may cause:
Where does kidney cancer pain occur?
- Lower back – An enlarging kidney tumor can cause a dull ache or soreness in the back over the affected kidney.
- Abdomen – Advanced tumors can spread into the abdomen and cause pain or a feeling of fullness.
- Side – Pain or a mass may be felt on the side where the affected kidney is located.
Other symptoms can include blood in the urine, fever, weight loss, and fatigue. Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer.
Other causes
Some other conditions that can cause kidney pain include:
Urinary tract obstruction
Blockages anywhere in the urinary tract, from kidney stones to an enlarged prostate, may cause pain by obstructing urine flow and causing pressure buildup in the kidneys.
Autoimmune disorders
Diseases like lupus and Goodpasture syndrome can cause inflammation that damages kidney tissues and leads to pain.
Injuries
A direct blow or trauma to the kidneys from an accident, injury, or physical abuse can all bring on kidney pain.
Musculoskeletal issues
Pinched nerves or back strains involving the muscles, ligaments, and spine around the kidneys may radiate pain into the kidney area.
When to see a doctor
Make an appointment with your doctor if you experience any of the following:
- Persistent or severe kidney pain
- Pain accompanied by symptoms like fever, nausea, or blood in the urine
- Pain related to a known condition like kidney stones or UTI
- Back or abdominal pain not relieved by over-the-counter medications
Early diagnosis and treatment can help resolve the underlying cause and prevent complications. Seek prompt medical attention if you have any sudden, severe kidney pain.
Diagnosing kidney pain
To determine the cause of kidney pain, the doctor will:
- Ask about your symptoms and medical history
- Conduct a physical exam of your back and abdomen
- Order diagnostic tests such as:
Urinalysis
Checks for signs of infection, blood, or stones in the urine
Blood tests
Measure kidney function and check for signs of infection or autoimmune disorders
Imaging tests
| Test | What it shows |
|---|---|
| Renal ultrasound | Kidney stones, cysts, or blockages |
| CT scan | Detailed images of kidneys and surrounding structures |
| MRI | Clear pictures of soft tissues around the kidneys |
Urine culture
Confirms a kidney infection and identifies the bacteria causing it
Cystoscopy
A tiny camera inserted into the urethra to see inside the urinary tract
Treating the causes of kidney pain
Treatment depends on the underlying cause of kidney pain, but may include:
Medications
- Pain relievers – Over-the-counter NSAIDs or prescription opioids to relieve discomfort
- Antibiotics – To treat kidney infections or secondary infections
- Alpha blockers – To relax muscles and help pass kidney stones
- Chemotherapy drugs – To kill cancer cells and slow tumor growth
Surgery
- Removing kidney stones – Taking out very large stones that cause recurring pain
- Draining kidney cysts – Removing fluid from symptomatic cysts using a needle
- Removing diseased kidney – Taking out the entire kidney if severely damaged by infection, cancer, etc.
Lifestyle changes
- Increasing fluid intake to flush out kidneys and prevent stones
- Following a low-salt diet to minimize kidney swelling
- Avoiding potential kidney irritants like tobacco, caffeine, and certain medications
When kidney pain requires emergency care
Seek emergency medical care if you experience:
- Sudden, crushing pain in the back or abdomen
- Inability to pass urine for over 12 hours
- Fever over 102°F (39°C) with kidney pain or urinary symptoms
- Blood in the urine along with confusion or trouble breathing
- Uncontrolled vomiting preventing fluid intake
- Weakness, numbness, or paralysis in the legs
These can indicate a serious condition like a kidney stone blocking the urinary tract or an advanced kidney infection. Prompt treatment is needed to relieve obstruction, control infection, and prevent permanent kidney damage or life-threatening sepsis.
Preventing kidney pain
You can reduce your risk of developing some conditions that cause kidney pain by:
- Drinking plenty of fluids, especially water
- Urinating when the need arises; don’t hold it in
- Eating foods high in citrate like citrus fruits and veggies
- Avoiding excessive salt, protein, and vitamin C
- Controlling underlying conditions like high blood pressure
- Taking antibiotics as prescribed to treat infections
See your doctor for regular checkups so any potential kidney issues can be caught early. Follow their instructions for monitoring or treating any existing kidney problems.
When to see a urologist
You may need referral to a urologist if:
- You have recurrent kidney stones or infections
- Tests reveal a cyst, tumor, or other abnormality
- There is blood in your urine with no clear cause
- A kidney condition requires surgery or specialty procedures
- You have congenital kidney disorders or family history of disease
A urologist specializes in treating conditions involving the urinary tract and kidneys. They can provide specialized treatments and ongoing monitoring as needed.
Managing chronic kidney pain
For conditions like chronic kidney stones or infections causing frequent pain episodes, your doctor may recommend:
- Pain management plans – May involve prescription painkillers taken on a scheduled basis to prevent pain from getting severe.
- Dietary changes – To avoid foods that may aggravate your condition.
- Stress management – Stress can make pain worse, so developing healthy coping techniques is important.
- Physical therapy – Stretching and strengthening exercises can help reduce muscle tension and pain.
Stay in close contact with your healthcare providers and let them know if your pain isn’t being controlled effectively. New treatments or interventions may be needed to properly manage chronic kidney pain.
Coping with kidney pain
In addition to medical treatments, you can use self-care to help cope with kidney pain episodes:
- Apply a heating pad to the back or abdomen for soothing warmth.
- Try relaxing techniques like meditation, deep breathing, or guided imagery.
- Distract yourself with activities like reading, watching TV, or listening to music.
- Avoid vigorous exercise that could aggravate your condition.
- Wear loose, comfortable clothing.
- Change positions periodically from lying down to sitting up.
- Drink plenty of fluids to help flush out your kidneys.
- Urinate as soon as the need arises.
Let your healthcare providers know if your pain persists or worsens so they can adjust your treatment plan accordingly. Don’t hesitate to reach out for support from loved ones as needed.
When to get a second opinion
It’s reasonable to consider getting a second opinion if:
- Your kidney pain persists despite trying different treatments
- Your doctor is unable to determine the cause of your ongoing kidney pain
- You are told you require major surgery like kidney removal
- You feel your treatment plan is not improving your quality of life
- You want to confirm your diagnosis or explore additional treatment options
Some signs it may be time for a second opinion include worsening pain, development of new symptoms, or lack of improvement with your current treatment plan. Gather copies of all your medical records and test results to share with the new doctor.
Conclusion
Kidney pain can result from stones, infections, cysts, cancer, or other conditions that cause inflammation or blockage. The location of pain depends on which kidney is affected and may be felt in the back, side, abdomen or groin. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and performing tests like urinalysis, bloodwork, and imaging studies. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes. Prompt medical attention is crucial for severe kidney pain or persistent symptoms. With proper care, most people with kidney problems can manage their condition and live full, active lives.