Memory is a complex cognitive process that allows us to store and retrieve information over time. There are different types of memory that serve different purposes, but psychologists often divide memory into three core processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Encoding
Encoding refers to the initial process of getting information into memory. It occurs when our senses gather information about an event or fact and transform it into a construct that can be stored in the brain. Encoding involves linking the new information to existing knowledge so it can be filed away in memory storage for later retrieval.
There are a few key factors that impact how well we encode information:
- Attention – We encode things best when we are paying full attention.
- Elaboration – Linking new info to what we already know through visualization, verbal associations, etc.
- Organization – Structuring info in a meaningful way.
- Effort – The more effort put into encoding, the stronger the memory.
Good encoding techniques like mnemonic devices can vastly improve retention and recall later on. Encoding is the first step in creating an enduring memory.
Storage
Storage is the process of maintaining encoded information over time. After the senses take in information and encode it, the encoded memory needs to be held and protected for later use. Our brain has distinct storage systems in which different types of memories are kept for different lengths of time.
The three main memory storage systems are:
- Sensory Memory – Ultra-short-term memories from the 5 senses that last less than a second.
- Short-Term (Working) Memory – Holds about 7 pieces of information for 15-30 seconds.
- Long-Term Memory – Has unlimited capacity and can store info for years.
Memories are first stored briefly in sensory and short-term memory. Those that we attend to and rehearse may then pass into long-term memory where they can stay for up to a lifetime.
Retrieval
Retrieval refers to accessing information that has been previously encoded and stored in memory. It is the act of bringing to mind the events or facts that have been stored away for later use.
Retrieval depends on a few key factors:
- Cue – We need a cue or trigger to access stored info.
- State – It’s easiest to retrieve memories when conditions match encoding state.
- Effort – More effortful, deep encoding yields better retrieval.
Retrieval can be improved by providing strong cues and hints that allow people to access the desired information. However, difficulties like interference and tip-of-the-tongue states can sometimes hamper retrieval. Bringing that stored knowledge into conscious awareness represents the third and final major stage of human memory processing.
Conclusion
In summary, the three core memory tasks are:
- Encoding – Transforming information to a storable format.
- Storage – Maintaining encoded info over time.
- Retrieval – Accessing stored info when needed.
Encoding allows information to enter memory. Storage lets it persist. Retrieval enables us to access the stored information later. These three processes work together to allow us to use our past experiences and learned knowledge in the present moment and are fundamental to cognition and learning.