Hashimoto’s disease, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack and destroy the thyroid gland. This can lead to hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid. While Hashimoto’s is a serious condition, the outlook is generally positive with proper treatment and management.
What causes Hashimoto’s disease?
Hashimoto’s disease is caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and damage. This causes the thyroid to become underactive and unable to produce enough thyroid hormone. The exact trigger that causes the immune system to begin attacking the thyroid is unknown, but genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role.
What are the symptoms of Hashimoto’s?
The most common symptoms of Hashimoto’s disease include:
- Fatigue
- Weight gain
- Difficulty tolerating cold
- Joint and muscle pain
- Dry skin
- Hair loss
- Depression
- Brain fog or impaired memory
However, because hypothyroidism develops slowly over time, many people with Hashimoto’s experience subtle or vague symptoms at first. The disease often goes undiagnosed for years before more pronounced symptoms appear.
How is Hashimoto’s diagnosed?
Hashimoto’s disease is diagnosed through blood tests that check for high levels of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG) antibodies. These antibodies indicate the immune system is attacking the thyroid. Doctors may also order tests to measure thyroid hormone levels.
Some other diagnostic tests used include:
- TSH test – measures levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Free T4 test – measures circulating levels of thyroxine (T4)
- Thyroid ultrasound – creates images of the thyroid to check for inflammation
- Thyroid biopsy – takes a small sample of thyroid tissue to examine under a microscope
What are possible complications of Hashimoto’s?
If left untreated, Hashimoto’s can lead to several complications including:
- Goiter – enlarged thyroid gland which may create a lump in the front of the neck
- Heart problems – increased risk of heart disease and heart failure
- Mental health issues – increased risk of depression and dementia
- Myxedema – rare, life-threatening form of hypothyroidism
- Birth defects – increased risk of birth defects such as cretinism if Hashimoto’s occurs during pregnancy
Fortunately, most complications can be avoided with early treatment and monitoring of hormone levels.
How is Hashimoto’s disease treated?
There is no cure for Hashimoto’s disease, but symptoms can be managed through thyroid hormone replacement medication, like levothyroxine. This oral medication is taken daily to replace the hormones that the thyroid can no longer produce. Finding the optimal dosage may require regular monitoring and adjustment.
Beyond medication, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and reducing flare-ups through:
- Regular screening for other autoimmune disorders
- Eating a balanced, nutritious diet
- Exercising regularly
- Getting enough sleep and managing stress
- Avoiding potential triggers like cigarette smoke
Some patients may also benefit from supplements like selenium, vitamin D, or probiotics. In severe cases, thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine treatment may be necessary to destroy part or all of the damaged thyroid.
What is the prognosis with Hashimoto’s disease?
Most patients with Hashimoto’s disease can live normal, healthy lives with proper treatment and management. Thyroid hormone replacement helps resolve symptoms and reduces the risk of long-term complications. However, Hashimoto’s is a progressive condition, meaning the thyroid may continue deteriorating over time.
With treatment, the 10-year survival rate is excellent. One study found that the 20-year survival rate was similar to that of the general population without Hashimoto’s. Remission, where symptoms disappear and thyroid function improves, is also possible in some cases.
The key is early diagnosis, medication adherence, regular monitoring, and being under the care of an endocrinologist familiar with managing Hashimoto’s. This provides the best outlook for keeping symptoms controlled and preventing serious complications.
Key Takeaways
- Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder that damages the thyroid gland, leading to an underactive thyroid.
- Symptoms are often vague initially but may include fatigue, weight gain, sensitivity to cold, and depression.
- If left untreated, Hashimoto’s can cause complications like goiter, heart problems, and birth defects.
- Treatment focuses on thyroid hormone replacement medication, along with lifestyle changes to manage symptoms.
- With proper treatment, most patients with Hashimoto’s can live normal, healthy lives.
The Bottom Line
Hashimoto’s disease is a serious autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. However, the prognosis is generally good with early diagnosis and treatment. By taking thyroid medication, adopting healthy lifestyle habits, and having regular monitoring, people with Hashimoto’s can manage symptoms, avoid complications, and enjoy a normal lifespan.